When I try to do this it plays the instrument at half or double speed, or just plays it for 1 cycle of it's pattern,
This behaviors is about how the preset is programmed as i explained.
When a preset is programmed to half or doubble speed, then that's the result you get.
When a pattern is only played for one cycle, then it's because it's programmed to do that. If the preset in example is programmed to play one cycle at each keypress, then you need to press a key for each cycle.
Some sequenders can even be programmed to only play one step per keypress.
But all this has nothing to do with the controller. It has to do with the software you use - like Analog Lab.
There are no sounds inside a midi controller, like there in example are in a synth like the minibrute you mention.
Perhaps Arturia can help you better, as you speak to them.
Perhaps i don't understand your issue. But you would only need a controller to use midi clock if it shall set a master clock for other instruments, or if it had a onboard sequencer or arpeggio that should act like a slave to a master clock set by another source.